Wednesday, July 3, 2019
Monday, May 22, 2017
How to convert Yards from KGs in knit fabrics?
Converting yard from kg is very easy to calculate as below-
Suppose,
Fabric GSM - 140
Fabric width - 45"
Fabric Weight - 0.49181 kg
Rules:
Fabric length = Fabric weight / ( Fab width X Fab GSM /1550 / 1000)
Fabric length = 0.49181 / ( 6300 / 1550 / 1000)
Fabric length = 0.49181 / 0.00406451612
Fabric length = 121" (where the fab width is 45" open)
Farbic length = 3.3611 yards (121/36")
Suppose,
Fabric GSM - 140
Fabric width - 45"
Fabric Weight - 0.49181 kg
Rules:
Fabric length = Fabric weight / ( Fab width X Fab GSM /1550 / 1000)
Fabric length = 0.49181 / ( 6300 / 1550 / 1000)
Fabric length = 0.49181 / 0.00406451612
Fabric length = 121" (where the fab width is 45" open)
Farbic length = 3.3611 yards (121/36")
The generalized system of preference (GSP) in Bangladesh
The generalized system of preference (GSP) is a preferential
tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more
general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Specifically, it's a
system of exemption from the most-favored-nation (MFN) principle that obliges
WTO member-countries to treat the imports of all other WTO members in the way
they treat the imports of their 'most-favored' trading partner. In essence, MFN
requires WTO member-countries to treat imports coming from all other members
equally, that is, by imposing equal tariffs on them, etc. GSP exempts WTO
member-countries from MFN status for the purpose of lowering tariffs for the
least developed countries (LDCs), without also lowering tariffs for the rich
countries. The GSP was established to promote exports of low-income countries
to industrialized ones in order to support their economic growth and
development. However, the designs of these schemes are rather complex and the
aspect of GSP has been found to be controversial.
US GSP promotes sustainable development in beneficiary countries by helping these to increase and diversify their trade with the United States. The programme provides additional benefits for products from least developed countries. According to a US Chamber of Commerce study, moving GSP imports from the docks to US consumers, farmers, and manufacturers supports tens of thousands of jobs in the US. It also boosts American competitiveness by reducing costs of imported inputs used by US companies to manufacture goods in the country. GSP is especially important to US small businesses, many of which rely on the programmer’s duty savings to be competitive. In addition to promoting economic opportunity in developing countries, the GSP programme also supports progress by beneficiary countries in affording workers' rights to their people, in enforcing intellectual property rights, and in supporting the rule of law.
The United States instituted GSP on January 01, 1976 as a means of promoting growth in the developing countries through preferential access of their exports to US market. It provides for duty-free entry into the US for some 5,000 products of 122 countries. The value of GSP exports stood at around $20 billion in 2012. The largest beneficiaries are India, Thailand, Brazil and Indonesia.
The US administration has renewed the GSP facility for the developing and least developed countries of the world after it suspended it for the last two years on expiry of the earlier legislation. But surprisingly, Bangladesh is the only country along with Russia which was excluded from the list of 122 beneficiary countries for duty-free market access of their exports to the USA when the announcement of its renewal hit the global capitals. The US Congress recently made new legislation for GSP facility and the Obama administration has put it back on track on July 29 with retrospective effect from the date of suspension two years ago.
Bangladesh was entitled to enjoying GSP facility from 1980 although its major exports to the USA, including ready-made garments, remained excluded from the benefit, denying the real business opportunity that Bangladesh could harvest under the concessional trade access. The US suspended GSP facility to Bangladesh after the Rana Plaza disaster in 2013.
The exclusion of Bangladesh resulted mainly from its apparent failure to fulfill all of the 16 conditions that the Obama administration had laid out when it revoked the privilege two years ago on grounds of poor workplace safety and labor rights
The beneficiaries of the new scheme include all South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Afghanistan. Only Bangladesh remains excluded. It would pour in a damper on the country's attempts to expand export basket and reduce its reliance on garments. Suspending Bangladesh from the GSP programme would also increase US duties on an array of products the country exports to the United States, such as tobacco, sporting equipment, porcelain china, plastic products and a small quantity of textile products.
The negative impact of the US GSP removal is speculated to be a warning for future trade between Bangladesh and the United States including the prospect of retaining the MFN status which benefits Bangladesh's economic growth. According to the Bangladesh Economic Review (2014), during the last three years there was no significant foreign direct investment inflow from the US to Bangladesh. In such circumstances, the repeated attempts of the Bangladesh government to regain the US GSP are crucial for the country's continued economic growth.
Bangladesh cares deeply about retaining GSP benefit because of the country's extremely narrow and fragile export basket, link between trade performance and human development and social stability, and most importantly seeking negotiation as an early-stage industrializing nation. Bangladesh's export sector is extremely narrow in terms of both size of market and diversity of export items. The US is Bangladesh's single largest export destination that accounts for more than a quarter of Bangladesh's exports. More than 95 per cent of the export earnings from the US, worth more than$ 4.5 billion, come from just one single item which is garment. Given this excessive dependence on one single item, Bangladesh remains extremely serious about adding new items to its export basket. Herein lies the essentiality and significance of the US GSP.
More importantly, Bangladesh's image as a trade partner of the US is tainted. This may discourage US and other foreign investors, new and old, from venturing into Bangladesh, which may have a moderate effect on the prospect of future export growth of the country, particularly in US market.
The biggest short-run fear for the country is a similar action adopted by the European Union (EU). The EU had previously threatened to remove preferential access of Bangladeshi RMG products in EU market if the government did not take measures to improve the working condition in factories. Bangladesh RMG export to EU grew to about $11.37 billion as of June 2012. Hence, such an action will be devastating for the country's RMG sector which exported products worth $19 billion dollar in the last fiscal year and employs about 4.5 million people at the bottom of the population pyramid, 80 per cent of whom are women.
Thus, there will be increasing pressure on the government to improve working conditions as the EU will be closely observing Bangladesh. Several European importers have already come forward to help the country in improving safety features of RMG factories, which is a good sign for the country.
The protection of workers' interest is not just a GSP issue. This is essential for modernizing employment practices in Bangladesh in line with good international practices; the convergence of interests with the GSP is a win-win situation.
Some economists advised the government to improve the political-level understanding with the US, avoid games of blaming others, integrated inter-ministerial coordination efforts, direct and continuous contact with the governments of Bangladesh and the US, as they take actions on workers' rights and safety, implementing the commitments and suggestions by the US, the EU and other development partners' action plan, easing obstacles to investment, strengthening negotiation skills and bargaining power and quality of economic diplomacy. The sooner the country fulfills all the conditions, the better it is not only for gaining the GSP but also for ensuring rights of the workers as well as image- building and reputation of Bangladesh.
Looking forward, Bangladesh needs to develop strong policies to improve domestic competitiveness. With highly favorable endowment of labor, Bangladesh has a huge comparative advantage in labor-intensive manufacturing. Focusing on investment, infrastructure, land availability and labor skills is the main policy challenge. Apart from education and training, converting labor to a productive and committed workforce will also require strong social policies to protect the welfare of the workers. This long-term development challenge, rather than access to GSP, provides the imperative for adopting appropriate employment policies for workers.
Bangladesh as a small country cannot influence the political decision of the US. The US GSP is not a political issue; it is an economic and technical issue where Bangladesh's active participation along with good relations with the US is more essential to retain the GSP benefits to become a middle income country by 2021 as soon as possible and without delay.
US GSP promotes sustainable development in beneficiary countries by helping these to increase and diversify their trade with the United States. The programme provides additional benefits for products from least developed countries. According to a US Chamber of Commerce study, moving GSP imports from the docks to US consumers, farmers, and manufacturers supports tens of thousands of jobs in the US. It also boosts American competitiveness by reducing costs of imported inputs used by US companies to manufacture goods in the country. GSP is especially important to US small businesses, many of which rely on the programmer’s duty savings to be competitive. In addition to promoting economic opportunity in developing countries, the GSP programme also supports progress by beneficiary countries in affording workers' rights to their people, in enforcing intellectual property rights, and in supporting the rule of law.
The United States instituted GSP on January 01, 1976 as a means of promoting growth in the developing countries through preferential access of their exports to US market. It provides for duty-free entry into the US for some 5,000 products of 122 countries. The value of GSP exports stood at around $20 billion in 2012. The largest beneficiaries are India, Thailand, Brazil and Indonesia.
The US administration has renewed the GSP facility for the developing and least developed countries of the world after it suspended it for the last two years on expiry of the earlier legislation. But surprisingly, Bangladesh is the only country along with Russia which was excluded from the list of 122 beneficiary countries for duty-free market access of their exports to the USA when the announcement of its renewal hit the global capitals. The US Congress recently made new legislation for GSP facility and the Obama administration has put it back on track on July 29 with retrospective effect from the date of suspension two years ago.
Bangladesh was entitled to enjoying GSP facility from 1980 although its major exports to the USA, including ready-made garments, remained excluded from the benefit, denying the real business opportunity that Bangladesh could harvest under the concessional trade access. The US suspended GSP facility to Bangladesh after the Rana Plaza disaster in 2013.
The exclusion of Bangladesh resulted mainly from its apparent failure to fulfill all of the 16 conditions that the Obama administration had laid out when it revoked the privilege two years ago on grounds of poor workplace safety and labor rights
The beneficiaries of the new scheme include all South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Afghanistan. Only Bangladesh remains excluded. It would pour in a damper on the country's attempts to expand export basket and reduce its reliance on garments. Suspending Bangladesh from the GSP programme would also increase US duties on an array of products the country exports to the United States, such as tobacco, sporting equipment, porcelain china, plastic products and a small quantity of textile products.
The negative impact of the US GSP removal is speculated to be a warning for future trade between Bangladesh and the United States including the prospect of retaining the MFN status which benefits Bangladesh's economic growth. According to the Bangladesh Economic Review (2014), during the last three years there was no significant foreign direct investment inflow from the US to Bangladesh. In such circumstances, the repeated attempts of the Bangladesh government to regain the US GSP are crucial for the country's continued economic growth.
Bangladesh cares deeply about retaining GSP benefit because of the country's extremely narrow and fragile export basket, link between trade performance and human development and social stability, and most importantly seeking negotiation as an early-stage industrializing nation. Bangladesh's export sector is extremely narrow in terms of both size of market and diversity of export items. The US is Bangladesh's single largest export destination that accounts for more than a quarter of Bangladesh's exports. More than 95 per cent of the export earnings from the US, worth more than$ 4.5 billion, come from just one single item which is garment. Given this excessive dependence on one single item, Bangladesh remains extremely serious about adding new items to its export basket. Herein lies the essentiality and significance of the US GSP.
More importantly, Bangladesh's image as a trade partner of the US is tainted. This may discourage US and other foreign investors, new and old, from venturing into Bangladesh, which may have a moderate effect on the prospect of future export growth of the country, particularly in US market.
The biggest short-run fear for the country is a similar action adopted by the European Union (EU). The EU had previously threatened to remove preferential access of Bangladeshi RMG products in EU market if the government did not take measures to improve the working condition in factories. Bangladesh RMG export to EU grew to about $11.37 billion as of June 2012. Hence, such an action will be devastating for the country's RMG sector which exported products worth $19 billion dollar in the last fiscal year and employs about 4.5 million people at the bottom of the population pyramid, 80 per cent of whom are women.
Thus, there will be increasing pressure on the government to improve working conditions as the EU will be closely observing Bangladesh. Several European importers have already come forward to help the country in improving safety features of RMG factories, which is a good sign for the country.
The protection of workers' interest is not just a GSP issue. This is essential for modernizing employment practices in Bangladesh in line with good international practices; the convergence of interests with the GSP is a win-win situation.
Some economists advised the government to improve the political-level understanding with the US, avoid games of blaming others, integrated inter-ministerial coordination efforts, direct and continuous contact with the governments of Bangladesh and the US, as they take actions on workers' rights and safety, implementing the commitments and suggestions by the US, the EU and other development partners' action plan, easing obstacles to investment, strengthening negotiation skills and bargaining power and quality of economic diplomacy. The sooner the country fulfills all the conditions, the better it is not only for gaining the GSP but also for ensuring rights of the workers as well as image- building and reputation of Bangladesh.
Looking forward, Bangladesh needs to develop strong policies to improve domestic competitiveness. With highly favorable endowment of labor, Bangladesh has a huge comparative advantage in labor-intensive manufacturing. Focusing on investment, infrastructure, land availability and labor skills is the main policy challenge. Apart from education and training, converting labor to a productive and committed workforce will also require strong social policies to protect the welfare of the workers. This long-term development challenge, rather than access to GSP, provides the imperative for adopting appropriate employment policies for workers.
Bangladesh as a small country cannot influence the political decision of the US. The US GSP is not a political issue; it is an economic and technical issue where Bangladesh's active participation along with good relations with the US is more essential to retain the GSP benefits to become a middle income country by 2021 as soon as possible and without delay.
Wednesday, November 18, 2015
Poly bag Consumption and Costing in Garments Industry
Poly bag costing is another important
task for apparel merchandisers.
It also keeps effect on total pricing of order.
Poly bags, commonly known as polythene bags, have a variety of uses in many industries. This is a plastic packet (pouch) used to contain garments destined for export or to merchandise so that apparels remain intact and they could not obtain dust, dirt or moisture. In particular to garments, the material used may be of LDPE, PP. In these LDPE can be recyclable, and others cannot be recycled.
Poly bags, commonly known as polythene bags, have a variety of uses in many industries. This is a plastic packet (pouch) used to contain garments destined for export or to merchandise so that apparels remain intact and they could not obtain dust, dirt or moisture. In particular to garments, the material used may be of LDPE, PP. In these LDPE can be recyclable, and others cannot be recycled.
Most used poly
bags in garments industries are PP (polypropylene) poly bags, PE (polyethylene)
& LDPE (low density polyethylene), HDPE (high density polyethylene) etc.
Basically there’re three different ways to measure poly bags thickness.
·
Mil (1 mil =
1/1000 of an inch)
·
Microns (1
microns = 1/1000 of a mm)
·
Gauge (1 gauge
= 1/100000 of an inch)
Conversion, 1
mil = 25 microns = 100 gauge.
Note: Gauge is the most used system of counting poly bags’ thickness worldwide.
Note: Gauge is the most used system of counting poly bags’ thickness worldwide.
Example-1:
A poly bags having length 30 inches, flap 3 inches, width 16 inches, poly thickness 150 gauge. Now find out weight of 1000 pcs poly bags?
Answer: {(30 + 1.5) x 16 x 150 / 3300} = 22.91 KGs for 1000 pcs
Formula: KGs needed for 1000 pcs poly bags = {(length + half flap) X width X gauge / 3300}
Now, if we want to find out weight of 1 pcs poly bag, then we need divide the outcome with 1000.
Answer: 22.91 / 1000 = 0.023 KGs. (1 pcs poly bag weight)
Note: You see, I count flap measurement in half (1.5 inches) during calculation because flap is single layer & length, width of a poly bag is double layer.
Example-2:
A LDPE poly bag having 28” length, 3” flap, 14” width, 140 gauge thickness with self-adhesive facility and if cost of polymer is $.50 per lb. Let’s find out cost of 1 pc poly bag.
Solution:
So, weight of material = (28+3 X 14 X 140) / 3300
= 60760 / 3300
= 18.412 kg /1000 pics
A poly bags having length 30 inches, flap 3 inches, width 16 inches, poly thickness 150 gauge. Now find out weight of 1000 pcs poly bags?
Answer: {(30 + 1.5) x 16 x 150 / 3300} = 22.91 KGs for 1000 pcs
Formula: KGs needed for 1000 pcs poly bags = {(length + half flap) X width X gauge / 3300}
Now, if we want to find out weight of 1 pcs poly bag, then we need divide the outcome with 1000.
Answer: 22.91 / 1000 = 0.023 KGs. (1 pcs poly bag weight)
Note: You see, I count flap measurement in half (1.5 inches) during calculation because flap is single layer & length, width of a poly bag is double layer.
Example-2:
A LDPE poly bag having 28” length, 3” flap, 14” width, 140 gauge thickness with self-adhesive facility and if cost of polymer is $.50 per lb. Let’s find out cost of 1 pc poly bag.
Solution:
So, weight of material = (28+3 X 14 X 140) / 3300
= 60760 / 3300
= 18.412 kg /1000 pics
To produce 1000 pics of poly bag, need 18.41kg polymer.
Cost of Material = 18.412kg x $.50 per lb.
= 18.41 x $1.1/Kg (as we know 1 kg = 2.20 lb.)
= $20.253 / 1000 pics.
= $0.020 (cost of 1pc poly bag)
Cost of Adhesive tape = 28” x $.002
= $.056
so, final cost of 1 pc poly bag will be = ($0.020 + $.056)
= $0.076
Minimum Dyeing and Finishing Charge (TK/Kg)
|
Dyeing Cost
TK/KG
|
|||||||
|
Color
|
Tube
|
Open
|
Ly. S/J
|
Fleece/
Br. |
Viscose
|
D. Part
(Tube) |
D. Part
(Open) |
|
+
|
15
|
33
|
40
|
30
|
50
|
65
|
|
|
Light
|
90
|
105
|
123
|
130
|
120
|
140
|
155
|
|
Medium
|
95
|
110
|
128
|
135
|
125
|
145
|
160
|
|
Dark
|
100
|
115
|
133
|
140
|
130
|
150
|
165
|
|
Average
|
95
|
110
|
128
|
135
|
125
|
145
|
160
|
|
Ex. Dark
|
115
|
130
|
148
|
155
|
145
|
165
|
180
|
|
Turquoise
|
110
|
125
|
143
|
150
|
140
|
160
|
175
|
|
Royal
|
130
|
145
|
163
|
170
|
160
|
180
|
195
|
|
Black
|
125
|
140
|
158
|
165
|
155
|
175
|
190
|
|
White
|
40
|
55
|
73
|
80
|
70
|
90
|
105
|
|
Scoured/ Bleached
|
38
|
53
|
71
|
78
|
68
|
88
|
103
|
|
Only Wash (G. Mélange/Yarn Dyed)
|
35
|
50
|
68
|
75
|
|
|
|
|
Only Enzyme
|
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Only Silicone Softener
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Finishing Cost
TK/KG
|
|||||||
|
Only Stenter
|
18
|
||||||
|
Only Heatset
|
20
|
||||||
|
Only Compacting
|
10
|
||||||
|
Only Slitting
|
4
|
||||||
|
Only Suidding
|
20
|
||||||
|
Only Brushing
|
8
|
||||||
|
Only Drying
|
8
|
||||||
Saturday, November 14, 2015
Carton Costing Calculation Method in Garments Industry
Before calculating carton costing, a garments
merchandiser should confirm the following information:
1. Carton length in cm,
2. Carton width in cm,
3. Carton height in cm.
Then, garment merchandiser should
calculate ply board consumption for the carton box and multiply with ply board
rate.
Now
by using the below formula, a garment
merchandiser can easily calculate carton box costing in readymade garments industry.
Carton costing (Per pc carton box)
= Ply board consumption (Per pc carton in square meter) × ply board rate (per sq. meter)………… (1)
= Ply board consumption (Per pc carton in square meter) × ply board rate (per sq. meter)………… (1)
Now,
one example is enough to remove your all the confusions from the above
discussion.
Example:
Suppose,
a 5 ply carton having length 65cm, width 45cm and height 12cm. Now calculate
Carton box costing for 400pcs carton box. (Where, 5 ply board rate is $0.65 per
square meter).
Solution:
Here,
Carton length – 65cm,
Width of carton- 45cm,
Carton height – 12cm,
5 ply board rate per square meter- $0.65
Width of carton- 45cm,
Carton height – 12cm,
5 ply board rate per square meter- $0.65
Total
carton-400pcs.
So,
= 1.41 square meter per pc carton.
Now,
from (1), we get-
Carton costing (Per pc carton box),
= Ply board consumption (Per pc carton in square meter) × ply board rate (per sq. meter)
= 1.41 × 0.65
=$0.92 per pc carton box.
= Ply board consumption (Per pc carton in square meter) × ply board rate (per sq. meter)
= 1.41 × 0.65
=$0.92 per pc carton box.
So,
For 1pc carton, carton box costing stands at =$0.92.
And,
For 400pcs carton, carton box costing will be (0.92 × 400) = $368.
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